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Inhaled chromium is a carcinogen, leading to an increased risk of lung cancer. Acute exposure effects can result in shortness of breath, coughing and wheezing, whilst chronic exposure effects lead to perforation and ulceration of the septum, bronchitis, pneumonia, and decreased pulmonary function. Chromium (Cr) emissions have fallen by 87% since 1970. The largest sources are various forms of coal combustion, iron and steel production in integrated works and in electric arc furnaces and the production of chromium-based chemicals. In the last 10-15 years, however, as greater environmental regulation of industry has led to greater abatement of particulate (and related metal) emissions, the industry and process sources have declined in significance. The largest single source in the 2007 inventory is from the use of Copper-Chromium-Arsenic (CCA) treated wood as a fuel in industry, which are estimated to make up around 30% of all UK emissions of Chromium.