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ransboundary air pollution
Actions on Transboundary Air Pollution
1988 Sofia Protocol on Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or their Transboundary Fluxes
1991 Geneva Protocol on the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds
1994 Oslo Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions
1998 Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
1998 Heavy Metals Potocol
1999 Gothenberg Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone
Integrated Pollution Control
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
Local Air Pollution Control (LAPC)
Transboundary air pollution is a particular problem for pollutants that are are not easily destroyed or react in the atmosphere to form secondary pollutant. These are cross boundary pollutants that can be generated in one country and felt in others; these require international actions and collaboration to control their formation and effects. Transboundary air pollutants can survive for periods of days or even years and can be transported 100s or thousands of miles before they affect the air we breath, soils, rivers, lakes and/or our food. Transboundary air polutants cause a number of different problems: e.g formation of particles, ground level ozone which are hazardous to health, the formation of acid rain which can damage buildings and sensitive ecosystems and some that are toxic to human health and the environment.

More information on the impacts and problems associated with Transboundary Air Pollution can be found from the following sites.


ARICS Encyclopedia of the Atmospheric Environment The Encyclopedia of the Atmospheric Environment is supported by the DEFRA. The Encyclopedia is a one-stop source of information, for younger and older users alike, on a range of atmospheric issues.

The EMEP website The EMEP programme under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution is a scientifically based and policy driven instrument for international co-operation to solve transboundary air pollution problems.
Transboundary Air Pollution Pollutants
Can have adverse effects hundreds or thousands of miles from it's source of origin either through formation of particulates which are hazzardos to health, the formation of nitric acid which can damage buildings and sensitive plants and animals, and through increased nitrogen loadings which encourages the growth of nitrogen loving plants to the detriment of other plant species. Ammonia
Metals that can accumulate in our human bodies, the food chain and in sediments and is toxic to human health and the environment. It is not destroyed easily in the environment and can therefore be transported hundreds or thousands of miles from it's source of origin. Arsenic
Can have adverse effects hundreds or thousands of miles from it's source of origin as a result of its ability to resist decomposition Benzo[a]pyrene
Metals that can accumulate in our human bodies, the food chain and in sediments and is toxic to human health and the environment. It is not destroyed easily in the environment and can therefore be transported hundreds or thousands of miles from it's source of origin. Cadmium
Reacts with NOx and certain NMVOC species in the presence of sunlight to form ground level ozone which can be transported many hundreds of miles from the source of emission. At High levels CO is toxic to humans Carbon Monoxide
Metals that can accumulate in our human bodies, the food chain and in sediments and is toxic to human health and the environment. It is not destroyed easily in the environment and can therefore be transported hundreds or thousands of miles from it's source of origin. Chromium
Metals that can accumulate in our human bodies, the food chain and in sediments and is toxic to human health and the environment. It is not destroyed easily in the environment and can therefore be transported hundreds or thousands of miles from it's source of origin. Copper
Persistent pollutants which can have adverse effects hundreds or thousands of miles from their source of origin due to their toxicity to humans Dioxins (PCDD/F)
Metals that can accumulate in our human bodies, the food chain and in sediments and is toxic to human health and the environment. It is not destroyed easily in the environment and can therefore be transported hundreds or thousands of miles from it's source of origin. Lead
Metals that can accumulate in our human bodies, the food chain and in sediments and is toxic to human health and the environment. It is not destroyed easily in the environment and can therefore be transported hundreds or thousands of miles from it's source of origin. Mercury
Metals that can accumulate in our human bodies, the food chain and in sediments and is toxic to human health and the environment. It is not destroyed easily in the environment and can therefore be transported hundreds or thousands of miles from it's source of origin. Nickel
Can have adverse effects hundreds or thousands of miles from it's source of origin either through formation of particulates and ground level ozone which are hazardous to health, the formation of nitric acid which can damage buildings and sensitive plants and animals, and through increased nitrogen loadings which encourages the growth of nitrogen loving plants to the detriment of other species. Nitrogen Oxides as NO2
Can have adverse effects hundreds or thousands of miles from it's source of origin either through formation of groundlevel ozone and may contain carcinogenic species Non Methane VOC
Can have adverse effects hundreds or thousands of miles from it's source of origin as a result of its ability to resist decomposition PM10 (Particulate Matter < 10µm)
Metals that can accumulate in our human bodies, the food chain and in sediments and is toxic to human health and the environment. It is not destroyed easily in the environment and can therefore be transported hundreds or thousands of miles from it's source of origin. Selenium
Can have adverse effects hundreds or thousands of miles from it's source of origin either through formation of sulphuric acid which are rained out or deposit increasing acidity levels in soils and lakes and damaging ecosystems Sulphur Dioxide
Metals that can accumulate in our human bodies, the food chain and in sediments and is toxic to human health and the environment. It is not destroyed easily in the environment and can therefore be transported hundreds or thousands of miles from it's source of origin. Vanadium
Metals that can accumulate in our human bodies, the food chain and in sediments and is toxic to human health and the environment. It is not destroyed easily in the environment and can therefore be transported hundreds or thousands of miles from it's source of origin. Zinc
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